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commonly known fact

  • 1 commonly-known fact

    Юридический термин: общеизвестный факт

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > commonly-known fact

  • 2 commonly known fact

    Politics english-russian dictionary > commonly known fact

  • 3 commonly known fact

    общеизвестный факт

    English-Russian dictionary of technical terms > commonly known fact

  • 4 fact

    n
    факт; событие; явление

    to confess the fact — сознаваться в проступке / преступлении

    to distort facts — извращать / искажать факты

    to face the facts — сталкиваться с фактами; смотреть в лицо фактам

    to investigate the facts — расследовать факты / обстоятельства

    to slur over / to suppress facts — замалчивать факты

    to twist the facts — извращать / искажать факты

    - accomplished fact
    - authentic fact
    - bare facts
    - basic facts
    - commonly known fact
    - concrete facts
    - convincing facts
    - crude facts
    - doubted fact
    - dry facts
    - established fact
    - fabricated fact
    - fact in evidence
    - fact of common knowledge
    - facts speak for themselves
    - false facts
    - falsification of historical facts
    - fixed fact
    - generally known fact
    - generally recognized fact
    - hard fact
    - historical fact
    - immaterial facts
    - immutable fact
    - in actual fact
    - indisputable fact
    - irrefutable facts
    - juggling with facts
    - malicious distortion of facts
    - material facts
    - naked facts
    - new fact
    - political fact
    - proved facts
    - salient fact
    - scientifically substantiated fact
    - statement of facts

    Politics english-russian dictionary > fact

  • 5 факт

    добыть новые факты — to dig out / up new facts

    игнорировать факты — to disregard / to ignorer facts

    искажать факты — to distort / to twist / to misinterpret facts

    констатировать факты — to ascertain / to establish facts

    подтасовывать факты — to frame / to manipulate facts, to juggle with facts

    приводить факты — to point to / to mention facts

    признавать какой-л. факт — to avow

    смотреть в лицо фактам — to face the facts / up to facts

    соответствовать фактам — to coincide / to agree with the facts

    непреложный факт, что... — it is the immutable fact that....

    бездоказательный / голословный факт — fact not succeptible of proof

    веские факты (в пользу / против кого-л.)strong case (for / against smb.)

    голые факты — crude / bare / naked / dry facts

    исторический факт — historical fact / evidence

    неопровержимые факты — irrefutable / hard facts

    неоспоримые факты — indisputable / incontestable facts

    общеизвестный факт — generally / commonly known fact

    очевидный факт — simple / nude fact

    свершившийся факт — accomplished fact, fait accompli фр.

    поставить перед свершившимся фактом — to confront / to place (smb.) before an accomplished fact, to present (smb.) with a fait accompli

    самый существенный / основной факт — salient fact

    установленный факт — established fact, certainty; fixed fact амер.

    искажение фактов — disfortion / misinterpretation of facts

    факты, не имеющие прямого отношения к спорному вопросу — collateral facts

    факт, составляющий предмет спора — fact in issue

    Russian-english dctionary of diplomacy > факт

  • 6 общеизвестный факт

    fact of common knowledge, commonly known fact, generally known fact

    Русско-английский политический словарь > общеизвестный факт

  • 7 общеизвестный факт

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > общеизвестный факт

  • 8 общеизвестный факт

    commonly (generally) known fact; fact (matter) of common knowledge
    * * *

    Русско-английский юридический словарь > общеизвестный факт

  • 9 общеизвестный факт

    commonly (generally) known fact; fact (matter) of common knowledge
    * * *

    Русско-английский юридический словарь > общеизвестный факт

  • 10 общеизвестный факт

    commonly (generally) known fact; fact (matter) of common knowledge

    Юридический русско-английский словарь > общеизвестный факт

  • 11 conocido

    adj.
    1 known, well-known, familiar.
    2 known, familiar, acknowledged.
    f. & m.
    acquaintance, nodding acquaintance, relation, acquaintant.
    past part.
    past participle of spanish verb: conocer.
    * * *
    1→ link=conocer conocer
    1 known
    2 (famoso) well-known
    nombre masculino,nombre femenino
    1 acquaintance
    * * *
    1. (f. - conocida)
    adj.
    2. (f. - conocida)
    noun
    * * *
    conocido, -a
    1. ADJ
    1) (=público) [dato] known; [persona] well-known
    2) (=familiar) familiar

    su cara me es conocida — I recognize his face, his face is familiar

    2.
    * * *
    I
    - da adjetivo
    1) ( famoso) <actor/cantante> famous, well-known
    2)
    a) <cara/voz> familiar
    b) <hecho/nombre> well-known

    más conocido como... — better known as...

    II
    - da masculino, femenino acquaintance
    * * *
    I
    - da adjetivo
    1) ( famoso) <actor/cantante> famous, well-known
    2)
    a) <cara/voz> familiar
    b) <hecho/nombre> well-known

    más conocido como... — better known as...

    II
    - da masculino, femenino acquaintance
    * * *
    conocido1
    1 = acquaintance, old friend.

    Ex: The 'empty sincerity' of the greeting one might exchange on passing an acquaintance on the street is not sufficient for reference enquirers, as Thomas Lee Eichman has recently explained.

    Ex: To take an obvious example, in a new catalog how does our old friend the main entry fare?.
    * grupo de amigos y conocidos = social network.

    conocido2
    2 = familiar, popular, renowned, known, old friend, commonly seen.

    Ex: For anyone involved with online searching, the equipment needed for electronic mail will be familiar: in addition to the microcomputer itself (which is the terminal), an acoustic coupler or modem will be needed.

    Ex: Although the fifteenth edition met with some success, it was not generally popular.
    Ex: Jorge Luis Borges, though renowned chiefly as author, reflects in his works the very essence of libraries and librarians.
    Ex: Calls are being made for a code of ethics for bloggers in which weblogs should explicitly acknowledge known bias, misinformation, unsubstantiated facts and conflicts of interest.
    Ex: The Web's full embrace of constant change means that even old friend sites may be unrecognisable after technology facelifts.
    Ex: This typology divides humor comics into commonly seen subject areas, such as teen, kiddie, horror, military, and so on = Esta tipología divide los comics de humor en áreas temáticas conocidas como adolescentes, infantil, terror, militar, etc.
    * algo ya muy conocido y usado = old nag.
    * bien conocido = well-known, well-understood.
    * búsqueda de documento conocido = known-item search.
    * conocido de memoria = rote-familiar.
    * conocido de todos = well-known.
    * conocido familiarmente = familiarly known.
    * conocido internacionalmente = internationally renowned.
    * conocido, lo = known, the.
    * conocido mundialmente = world-renowned, world-renown.
    * conocido por = best remembered for.
    * conocido por todos = widely recognised, well-known.
    * conocido también como = a.k.a. (also known as).
    * de todos conocido = well-known.
    * en terreno conocido = on familiar grounds.
    * hacerse conocido = word + get out.
    * llegar a ser conocido como = become + known as.
    * más conocido = best-publicised [best-publicized, -USA], mainstream.
    * más conocido como = better known as.
    * más vale malo conocido que bueno por conocer = better the devil you know (than the devil you don't).
    * menos conocido = lesser known.
    * mundialmente conocido = world-renowned, world-renown.
    * nombre muy conocido = household name, household word.
    * poco conocido = obscure, little known.
    * por todos conocido = well-known.
    * ser algo bien conocido que = it + be + a (well)-known fact that.
    * ser algo poco conocido que = it + be + a little known fact that.
    * ser conocido por = famously, have + a track record of.
    * ser conocido por todos = be out in the open.
    * ser lo suficientemente conocido como para que = be sufficiently well known for.
    * ser muy conocido por = be well known for.
    * ser un hecho bien conocido que = it + be + a (well)-known fact that.
    * ser un hecho poco conocido que = it + be + a little known fact that.
    * terreno conocido = familiar grounds.

    * * *
    conocido1 -da
    A (famoso) ‹actor/cantante› famous, well-known
    B
    1 ‹cara/voz› familiar
    su cara me resulta conocida her face is familiar
    2 ‹hecho/nombre› well-known
    más conocido por el sobrenombre de … better known as …
    es un hecho conocido que … it is common knowledge that …, it is a well-known fact that …
    conocido2 -da
    masculine, feminine
    acquaintance
    le pasó lo mismo a un conocido nuestro the same thing happened to an acquaintance of ours o to someone we know
    * * *

     

    Del verbo conocer: ( conjugate conocer)

    conocido es:

    el participio

    Multiple Entries:
    conocer    
    conocido
    conocer ( conjugate conocer) verbo transitivo
    1 persona to know;
    ( por primera vez) to meet;
    ciudad/país to know;
    ¿conoces a Juan? do you know/have you met Juan?;

    te conocía de oídas he'd heard of you;
    lo conozco de nombre I know the name;
    conocido a algn de vista to know sb by sight;
    es de todos conocido he's well known;
    quiero que conozcas a mi novio I want you to meet my boyfriend;
    nunca llegué a conocidolo bien I never really got to know him;
    ¿conoces Irlanda? do you know Ireland? o have you been to Ireland?;
    quiere conocido mundo she wants to see the world;
    me encantaría conocido tu país I'd love to visit your country
    2 (estar familiarizado con, dominar) ‹tema/autor/obra to know, be familiar with;
    lengua to speak, know
    3

    conocían sus actividades they knew of o about his activities

    b)

    dar a conocido (frml) ‹noticia/resultado to announce;


    identidad/intenciones to reveal;

    intentó no darse a conocido he tried to keep his identity a secret
    4 ( reconocer) to recognize( conjugate recognize);

    5 ( impers) ( notar):

    se conoce que ya llevaba algún tiempo enfermo apparently he'd been ill for some time
    verbo intransitivo ( saber) conocido de algo ‹de tema/materia› to know about sth
    conocerse verbo pronominal
    1 ( recípr) ( tener cierta relación con) to know each other;
    ( por primera vez) to meet;
    ( aprender cómo se es) to get to know each other
    2 ( refl)


    conocido
    ◊ -da adjetivo

    a) ( famoso) ‹actor/cantante famous, well-known

    b)cara/voz familiar

    c)hecho/nombre well-known;

    más conocido como … better known as …

    ■ sustantivo masculino, femenino
    acquaintance
    conocer verbo transitivo
    1 to know
    2 (por primera vez) to meet
    3 (reconocer) to recognize
    ♦ Locuciones: dar a conocer, (hacer público) to make known
    darse a conocer, to make one's name
    conocido,-a
    I adjetivo
    1 (sabido) known
    2 (familiar) familiar
    3 (popular, famoso) well-known: es muy conocido en Suecia, he's very well-known in Sweden
    II sustantivo masculino y femenino acquaintance: son unos conocidos míos que vienen a ver cómo estoy, these are acquaintances of mine that have come to see how I am
    ' conocido' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    clásica
    - clásico
    - conocida
    - familiar
    - notoria
    - notorio
    - popular
    - trascender
    - tridimensional
    - trillada
    - trillado
    - conocer
    - contacto
    - desconocido
    - introducir
    - malo
    - mundialmente
    - mundo
    - oscuro
    - poco
    - sonar
    English:
    acquaintance
    - Afro
    - best
    - devil
    - established
    - familiar
    - fascinating
    - foregone
    - formerly
    - guy
    - historian
    - known
    - landmark
    - little-known
    - notorious
    - obscure
    - out
    - parody
    - public
    - see
    - well-known
    - casual
    - household
    - well
    * * *
    conocido, -a
    adj
    1. [famoso] well-known
    2. [sabido] known;
    su último domicilio conocido her last known address;
    ese nombre me resulta conocido that name sounds familiar
    nm,f
    acquaintance;
    un conocido mío an acquaintance of mine, someone I know
    * * *
    I adj well-known
    II m, conocida f acquaintance
    * * *
    conocido, -da adj
    1) : familiar
    2) : well-known, famous
    conocido, -da n
    : acquaintance
    * * *
    conocido1 adj well known [comp. better known; superl. best known]
    conocido2 n acquaintance

    Spanish-English dictionary > conocido

  • 12 conocido2

    2 = familiar, popular, renowned, known, old friend, commonly seen.
    Ex. For anyone involved with online searching, the equipment needed for electronic mail will be familiar: in addition to the microcomputer itself (which is the terminal), an acoustic coupler or modem will be needed.
    Ex. Although the fifteenth edition met with some success, it was not generally popular.
    Ex. Jorge Luis Borges, though renowned chiefly as author, reflects in his works the very essence of libraries and librarians.
    Ex. Calls are being made for a code of ethics for bloggers in which weblogs should explicitly acknowledge known bias, misinformation, unsubstantiated facts and conflicts of interest.
    Ex. The Web's full embrace of constant change means that even old friend sites may be unrecognisable after technology facelifts.
    Ex. This typology divides humor comics into commonly seen subject areas, such as teen, kiddie, horror, military, and so on = Esta tipología divide los comics de humor en áreas temáticas conocidas como adolescentes, infantil, terror, militar, etc.
    ----
    * algo ya muy conocido y usado = old nag.
    * bien conocido = well-known, well-understood.
    * búsqueda de documento conocido = known-item search.
    * conocido de memoria = rote-familiar.
    * conocido de todos = well-known.
    * conocido familiarmente = familiarly known.
    * conocido internacionalmente = internationally renowned.
    * conocido, lo = known, the.
    * conocido mundialmente = world-renowned, world-renown.
    * conocido por = best remembered for.
    * conocido por todos = widely recognised, well-known.
    * conocido también como = a.k.a. (also known as).
    * de todos conocido = well-known.
    * en terreno conocido = on familiar grounds.
    * hacerse conocido = word + get out.
    * llegar a ser conocido como = become + known as.
    * más conocido = best-publicised [best-publicized, -USA], mainstream.
    * más conocido como = better known as.
    * más vale malo conocido que bueno por conocer = better the devil you know (than the devil you don't).
    * menos conocido = lesser known.
    * mundialmente conocido = world-renowned, world-renown.
    * nombre muy conocido = household name, household word.
    * poco conocido = obscure, little known.
    * por todos conocido = well-known.
    * ser algo bien conocido que = it + be + a (well)-known fact that.
    * ser algo poco conocido que = it + be + a little known fact that.
    * ser conocido por = famously, have + a track record of.
    * ser conocido por todos = be out in the open.
    * ser lo suficientemente conocido como para que = be sufficiently well known for.
    * ser muy conocido por = be well known for.
    * ser un hecho bien conocido que = it + be + a (well)-known fact that.
    * ser un hecho poco conocido que = it + be + a little known fact that.
    * terreno conocido = familiar grounds.

    Spanish-English dictionary > conocido2

  • 13 allgemein

    (abgek. allg.)
    I Adj.
    1. (alle[s] betreffend) general; (üblich) common; (umfassend) overall; stärker: universal; von allgemeinem Interesse of general interest; auf allgemeinen Wunsch by popular request ( oder demand); mit allgemeiner Billigung by common consent; allgemeine Zustimmung finden meet with general approval; allgemeines Mittel universal remedy; allgemeine Redensart generality; allgemeine Wahlen general election(s); allgemeines Wahlrecht universal suffrage; allgemeine Wehrpflicht universal conscription, compulsory military service; allgemeine Schulpflicht compusory education; Allgemeine Ortskrankenkasse (abgek. AOK) statutory health insurance company
    2. (öffentlich) public; das allgemeine Wohl the common good, the public welfare
    3. (ohne Details) Frage, Darstellung: general, generic; im Allgemeinen generally, in general; (im Ganzen) on the whole; das Allgemeine und das Besondere the general and the particular; vom Allgemeinen auf das Besondere schließen infer the particular from the general, instantiate (s. th. [general] in s.th. [special]); das ist mir viel zu allgemein that’s much too general for my taste
    II Adv.
    1. in general, generally; es ist allgemein bekannt, dass... it’s a well-known fact that..., it is common knowledge that...; allgemein bildende Schulen etwa comprehensive schools, Am. ordinary public schools; allgemein gebrauchtes Wort (alltägliches) word in general use; allgemein gültig universally applicable ( oder valid), general rule; es ist allgemein üblich, dass man... it’s ( oder that’s) common practi|ce (Am. -se) to...; allgemein verbindlich generally binding; allgemein verbreitet widespread, popular; allgemein verständlich comprehensible, simple
    2. (Ggs. konkret, detailliert) generally; (oberbegrifflich) generically; allgemein anerkannt generally accepted; allgemein gesprochen generally speaking; allgemein gehalten general; allgemein gebrauchtes Wort (Ggs. speziell) word used in a general sense
    * * *
    generally (Adv.); common (Adj.); nationwide (Adj.); commonly (Adv.); overall (Adj.); universal (Adj.); general (Adj.)
    * * *
    ạll|ge|mein ['algə'main]
    1. adj
    general; Ablehnung, Zustimmung auch common; Feiertag public; Regelungen, Wahlrecht universal; Wehrpflicht compulsory; (= öffentlich) public, general

    im Allgemeinenin general, generally

    im allgeméínen Interesse — in the common interest, in the public interest

    von allgeméínem Interesse — of general interest

    auf allgeméínen Wunsch — by popular or general request

    die allgeméíne Meinung — the general opinion, the generally held opinion, public opinion

    das allgeméíne Wohl — the common good, (the) public welfare, the public good

    allgeméínes Aufsehen erregen — to cause or create a sensation

    die Diskussion darüber wurde allgeméín — a general discussion developed

    wir sind ganz allgeméín geblieben (inf)we stayed on a general level

    2. adv
    (= überall, bei allen, von allen) generally; (= ausnahmslos von allen) universally; (= generell) generally, in the main, for the most part; (= nicht spezifisch) in general terms

    seine Thesen sind so allgeméín abgefasst, dass... — his theses are worded in such general terms that...

    du kannst doch nicht so allgeméín behaupten, dass... — you can't make such a generalization and say that..., you can't generalize like that and say that...

    seine Thesen sind so allgeméín abgefasst, dass... — his theses are worded in such general terms that...

    du kannst doch nicht so allgeméín behaupten, dass... — you can't make such a generalization and say that..., you can't generalize like that and say that...

    es ist allgeméín bekannt — it's common knowledge

    es ist allgeméín üblich, etw zu tun — it's the general rule that we/they etc do sth, it's commonly or generally the practice to do sth

    allgeméín verbindlich — generally binding

    allgeméín verständlich (adjektivisch) — generally intelligible, intelligible to all; (adverbial) in a way intelligible to all

    etw allgeméín verständlich ausdrückento express sth in a way which everyone can understand

    allgeméín verbreitet — widespread

    allgeméín zugänglich — open to all, open to the general public

    * * *
    1) ((of a name, term etc) referring to several similar objects etc: `Furniture' is a generic term for chairs, tables etc.) generic
    2) (general; not detailed: We discussed the plans in broad outline.) broad
    3) (publicly owned: common property.) common
    4) (of, involving etc all, most or very many people, things etc: The general feeling is that he is stupid; His general knowledge is good although he is not good at mathematics.) general
    5) (covering a large number of cases: a general rule.) general
    6) (without details: I'll just give you a general idea of the plan.) general
    7) (usually; by most people; on the whole: He is generally disliked; He generally wins.) generally
    8) (amongst, or by, most people: He was popularly believed to have magical powers.) popularly
    9) (in general: Generally speaking, men are stronger than women.) generally speaking
    * * *
    all·ge·mein
    [ˈalgəˈmain]
    I. adj
    1. attr (alle betreffend) general
    \allgemeine Feiertage national holidays
    im \allgemeinen Interesse liegen [o sein] to be in everyone's interests [or in the common interest]
    von \allgemeinem Interesse sein to be of interest to everyone
    \allgemeine Vorschriften universal regulations, regulations applying to everyone
    das \allgemeine Wahlrecht universal suffrage
    die \allgemeine Wehrpflicht military service
    2. attr (allen gemeinsam) general, public
    zur \allgemeinen Überraschung to everyone's surprise
    das \allgemeine Wohl the common good
    \allgemeine Zustimmung finden/auf \allgemeine Ablehnung stoßen to meet with general approval/disapproval
    die Frage war \allgemeiner Natur the question was of a rather general nature
    4.
    im A\allgemeinen (normalerweise) generally speaking; (insgesamt) on the whole
    II. adv
    1. (allerseits, überall) generally
    \allgemein bekannt/üblich sein to be common knowledge/practice
    \allgemein gültig general, universally applicable
    \allgemein verbindlich generally binding
    \allgemein verbreitet widespread
    \allgemein verständlich intelligible to everybody
    \allgemein zugänglich sein to be open to the general public
    2. (nicht spezifisch) generally
    der Vortrag war leider sehr \allgemein gehalten unfortunately the lecture was rather general [or lacked focus]
    * * *
    1.
    Adjektiv general; universal <conscription, suffrage>; universally applicable <law, rule>

    auf allgemeinen Wunschby popular or general request

    im allgemeinen Interesse — in the common interest; in everybody's interest

    im allgemeinen — in general; generally

    2.

    es ist allgemein bekannt, dass... — it is common knowledge that...

    allgemein bildend<school, course, etc.> providing a general or an all-round or (Amer.) all-around education

    allgemein gültiguniversally or generally applicable <law, rule>; universally or generally valid <law of nature, definition, thesis>

    allgemein verständlichcomprehensible or intelligible to all postpos.

    2) (oft abwertend): (unverbindlich) <write, talk, discuss, examine, be worded> in general terms
    * * *
    allgemein (abk allg.)
    A. adj
    1. (alle[s] betreffend) general; (üblich) common; (umfassend) overall; stärker: universal;
    von allgemeinem Interesse of general interest;
    auf allgemeinen Wunsch by popular request ( oder demand);
    mit allgemeiner Billigung by common consent;
    allgemeine Zustimmung finden meet with general approval;
    allgemeines Mittel universal remedy;
    allgemeine Wahlen general election(s);
    allgemeines Wahlrecht universal suffrage;
    allgemeine Wehrpflicht universal conscription, compulsory military service;
    allgemeine Schulpflicht compusory education;
    2. (öffentlich) public;
    das allgemeine Wohl the common good, the public welfare
    3. (ohne Details) Frage, Darstellung: general, generic;
    im Allgemeinen generally, in general; (im Ganzen) on the whole;
    das Allgemeine und das Besondere the general and the particular;
    vom Allgemeinen auf das Besondere schließen infer the particular from the general, instantiate (s. th. [general] in sth [special]);
    das ist mir viel zu allgemein that’s much too general for my taste
    B. adv
    1. in general, generally;
    es ist allgemein bekannt, dass … it’s a well-known fact that…, it is common knowledge that …;
    es ist allgemein üblich, dass man … it’s ( oder that’s) common practice (US -se) to …;
    allgemein verbindlich generally binding;
    allgemein verbreitet widespread, popular;
    allgemein verständlich comprehensible, simple
    2. (Ggs konkret, detailliert) generally; (oberbegrifflich) generically;
    allgemein anerkannt generally accepted;
    allgemein gesprochen generally speaking;
    allgemein gebrauchtes Wort (Ggs speziell) word used in a general sense
    * * *
    1.
    Adjektiv general; universal <conscription, suffrage>; universally applicable <law, rule>

    auf allgemeinen Wunschby popular or general request

    im allgemeinen Interesse — in the common interest; in everybody's interest

    im allgemeinen — in general; generally

    2.

    es ist allgemein bekannt, dass... — it is common knowledge that...

    allgemein bildend<school, course, etc.> providing a general or an all-round or (Amer.) all-around education

    allgemein gültiguniversally or generally applicable <law, rule>; universally or generally valid <law of nature, definition, thesis>

    allgemein verständlichcomprehensible or intelligible to all postpos.

    2) (oft abwertend): (unverbindlich) <write, talk, discuss, examine, be worded> in general terms
    * * *
    adj.
    abstract adj.
    common adj.
    general adj.
    generic adj.
    nationwide adj.
    public adj. adv.
    generally adv.
    generically adv.
    popularly adv.
    universally adv. präp.
    across the board expr.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > allgemein

  • 14 powszechnie

    adj. grad. universally, popularly
    - powszechnie akceptowany/chwalony/stosowany universally accepted/praised/used
    - powszechnie szanowany obywatel a well-respected member of the community, a well-respected citizen
    - powszechnie stosowane kryteria universally applied criteria
    - był powszechnie lubiany he was very popular, he was well liked
    - był w miasteczku powszechnie znany i szanowany he was a popular a. a well-known and respected figure in the village
    - powszechnie wiadomo, że… it’s a well-known fact that…
    * * *
    (znany, lubiany) generally; ( używany) commonly

    powszechnie wiadomo, że... — it's common knowledge that...

    * * *
    adv.
    commonly, generally, popularly; (stosowany, uznawany) universally; być osobą powszechnie znaną be in the public eye; być powszechnie wiadomym be public knowledge; powszechnie wiadomo, że... it is common knowledge that...

    The New English-Polish, Polish-English Kościuszko foundation dictionary > powszechnie

  • 15 метод

    method, process, procedure, approach, technique, practice, tool, strategy
    Безо всяких изменений данный метод подходит для... - The method lends itself readily to...
    Более подходящим методом является... - A better technique is to...
    Более прямой метод получения величины F рассматривается в главе 9. - A more direct procedure for obtaining F is considered in Chapter 9.
    Более подходящим методом является определение... - A more satisfactory method is to establish...
    Большинство из этих более продвинутых методов требует... - Most of these more advanced methods require...
    Были предложены несколько методов. - Several techniques have been suggested.
    Было довольно нелегко разработать метод для... - It was fairly difficult to develop a method for...
    Было довольно сложно разработать метод для... - It was quite difficult to develop a method for...
    Было легко разработать метод для... - It was easy to develop a method for...
    Было относительно легко (= просто) разработать метод для... - It was relatively easy to develop a method for... (not easy on an absolute scale, but less challenging than other tasks)
    Было почти невозможно разработать метод для... - It was almost impossible to develop a method for... (so hard that we nearly failed)
    В альтернативном методе мы вычисляем... - In the alternative method we calculate...
    В данной главе мы представим метод для... - In this chapter, we shall formulate the procedure for...
    В данном приближенном методе существенно... - In this approximation procedure it is essential to...
    В качестве примера применения описанного выше метода мы показываем, что... - As an example of the method described above we show that...
    В недавние годы этот метод был улучшен посредством использования (чего-л). - In recent years the subject has been enriched by the use of...
    В основном мы следуем методу... - In essence we follow the procedure of...
    В последние годы несколько авторов отказались от этого метода. - Several authors have, in recent years, departed from this procedure.
    В своих основных чертах это был метод, использовавшийся Смитом [1]. - In essence, this was the method employed by Smith [1].
    В соответствии с методом, намеченным в Главе 1, мы... - In accordance with the method outlined in Chapter 1, we...
    В этой главе мы даем эффективный метод... - In this chapter we give an efficient method for...
    Вместо этого давайте разработаем (один) общий метод, посредством которого... - Instead, let us develop a general method whereby...
    Во многих случаях необходимо обращаться за помощью к приближенным методам. - In many cases it is necessary to resort to approximate methods.
    Возможно, безопасно применить метод... к... - It is probably safe to apply the method of... to...
    Возможно, наилучшим методом является... - Perhaps the best approach is to...
    Все вышеупомянутые методы не применимы для малых х. - The foregoing methods all fail for small x.
    Второй метод вывода уравнения (1) формулируется следующим образом. - A second method of obtaining (1) is as follows.
    Второй метод точно согласуется с... - The latter method agrees precisely with...
    Вышеуказанным методом обнаружено (= найдено), что... - By the above method it is found that...
    Геометрически метод состоит в следующем. - Geometrically, the procedure is as follows.
    Главное преимущество данного метода заключается в том, что... - The chief advantage of the method is that...
    Главным преимуществом данного метода является его общность. - The principal advantage of the method is its generality.
    Главным преимуществом данного метода по сравнению с традиционными является то, что... - The major advantage of this procedure over the traditional method is that...
    Главным преимуществом данного метода является его простота. - The principal virtue of the method is its simplicity.
    Далее, в данном методе заранее предполагается, что... - Further, the method presupposes...
    Данное свойство является основой одного метода нахождения... - This property provides one method of determining...
    Данный метод был предложен в статье [1]. - The method was suggested by Smith, et al. [1].
    Данный метод намного точнее, чем... - The present method is much more precise than...
    Данный метод не применим для/в... - The method does not apply to...
    Данный метод невозможно применить, когда/ если... - The method is not applicable when...
    Данный метод одинаково успешно можно применять к... - The method can equally well be applied to...
    Данный метод особенно подходит в случае, когда... - The method is particularly appropriate when...
    Данный метод позволяет... - The method enables one to...
    Данный метод позволяет исследователю... - The method allows an investigator to...
    Данный метод применим к широкому классу (в широком классе)... - The method is applicable to a large class of...
    Данный метод прост и довольно интересен, однако... - This method is simple and quite interesting, but...
    Данный отчет описывает новый метод... - This report describes a new method of...
    Данным методом можно решить ряд важных практических задач. - This method enables us to solve several problems of practical importance.
    Детали этого метода можно найти в [1]. - Details of the method can be found in Smith [1].
    Для... можно применить несколько методов. - Several methods are available for...
    Для получения... был использован ряд методов. - A number of methods have been used to obtain...
    Для преодоления этой трудности был разработан один метод. - One method has been advanced for overcoming this difficulty.
    Должны быть развиты методы для измерения... - Methods should be developed for measuring...
    Достоинство этого метода состоит в том, что... - The advantage of the method is that...
    Другим недостатком этого метода является то, что... - The other disadvantage of this procedure is that...; Another disadvantage of this procedure is that...
    Его метод доказательства весьма оригинален. - The method of proof is quite ingenious.
    Единственный доступный нам в настоящее время метод - это... - The only method available to us so far is...
    Единственным известным недостатком этого метода является то, что... - The only known disadvantage of this procedure is that...
    Еще одним методом является... - Still another approach is to...
    Здесь рассматривается (один) общий метод получения этих решений. - A general method of obtaining these solutions is considered here.
    Важность наших методов состоит в том, что они будут давать... - The significance of our methods is that they will yield...
    Значительно более удобный метод состоит в том, что... - A far more convenient approach is to...
    Имеются два обычно используемых метода для... - There are two commonly used methods for...
    Имеются три метода решения такой задачи. - There are three ways of attacking such a problem.
    Интересным альтернативным методом является следующий. - An interesting alternative procedure is as follows.
    Используя данный метод, следует помнить, что... - In using this method it is well to remember that...
    Используя любой подобный метод, необходимо (помнить и т. п.)... - With any method such as this it is necessary to...
    Используя этот метод, они нашли, что... - Using the method, they found that...; Using the method, they learned that...; Using the method, they determined that...; Using the method, they discovered that...
    Используя этот новый метод, мы можем... - By this new method it will be possible to...
    Итак, мы наметим несколько методов, которые могут использоваться для того, чтобы... - We therefore outline some procedures which can be used to...
    К сожалению, этот метод оказался неприменим. - Unfortunately, the method was not applicable; The method, unfortunately, was not applicable.
    К счастью, имеется один простой и подходящий для этого метод. - Fortunately, there is a simple technique available for doing this.
    Каков недостаток этого метода? - What is the disadvantage of this procedure?
    Каковы преимущества данного метода? - What are the advantages of this procedure?
    Конечно, это могло бы быть следствием неподходящих методов. - Of course, this could reflect the use of inappropriate methods.
    Конечно, этот метод не всегда применим. - Of course, this method will not always work.
    Коротко, мы будем интересоваться методами, которые... - In short, we will inquire into the ways in which...
    Кратко опишем метод для его оценки. - A method for estimating this will be given shortly.
    Метод... должен быть применен к/в... - The method of... should apply to...
    Метод... мог бы быть надежно применен для... - The method of... could safely be applied to,..
    Метод анализа, намеченный в предыдущем абзаце, показывает... - The method of analysis outlined in the last paragraph shows...
    Метод может использоваться для оценки... - The method can be used to estimate...
    Метод обладает очевидным преимуществом... - The method possesses the obvious advantage of...
    Метод основывается на принципе, что... - This method is based on the principle that...
    Метод перестает быть достаточно точным, если... - The method ceases to be reasonably accurate if...
    Метод состоит в следующем. - The procedure is as follows.
    Метод состоит из двух шагов. - The approach is in two steps.
    Метод требует от пользователя обеспечить... - The method requires the user to provide...
    Метод, который здесь описывается, требует... - The method to be described here involves...
    Метод, который мы описали, в общем случае не подходит для... - The procedure we have described is not, in general, suitable for...
    Метод, приведенный в этом параграфе, подобным образом может быть применен к... - The method of sections may be applied in a similar way to...
    Метод, с помощью которой это было получено, известен как... - The technique by which this is achieved is known as...
    Методы, которые мы рассмотрели, позволяют нам... - The methods we have considered enable us to...
    Можно использовать множество методов. Например,... - A variety of methods may be employed, e. g.,...
    Можно ожидать, что метод обеспечит нахождение по меньшей мере одного корня. - The method can be expected to provide at least one root.
    Мы будем придерживаться этого метода. - We shall follow this method.
    Мы ввели широкий класс методов решения... - We have introduced a wide range of procedures for solving...
    Мы можем обратить метод и вывести, что... - We can reverse the process and deduce that...
    Мы наметим в общих чертах метод, основанный на... - We will outline a procedure based on...
    Мы откладываем обсуждение подобных методов до параграфа 5. - We defer the discussion of such methods to Section 5.
    Мы принимаем полностью отличный от данного метод. - We adopt an entirely different method.
    Мы проиллюстрируем данный метод для случая... - We shall illustrate the procedure for the case of...
    Мы считаем, что метод... можно применять к/в... - We believe that the method of... is applicable to...
    Мы увидим, что эти методы могут использоваться лишь тогда, когда... - It will be observed that these methods are only applicable when...
    Мы упоминаем лишь два таких метода... - We mention only two such methods of...
    На данный метод часто ссылаются как на... - This process is often referred to as...
    На самом деле оба метода используются на практике. - Both methods are in fact used in practice.
    На сегодняшний день важность этого метода заключается в том, что... - For the present, the significance of this process lies in the fact that...
    Наиболее важным преимуществом данного метода является то, что... - The primary advantage of this procedure is that...
    Наиболее просто следовать этому методу в случае... - The procedure is most simply followed for the case of...
    Наиболее часто используемые методы перечислены ниже:... - The methods that are most often used follow:...
    Наиболее широко используемые методы основываются на... - The techniques most widely used are based on...
    Наиболее широко используемый метод это тот, что был введен Смитом [1]. - The method most commonly employed is that introduced by Smith [1].
    Наш метод будет весьма существенно отличаться от данного. - Our procedure will be quite different from this.
    Нашей основной целью является описание систематических методов для... - Our first concern is to describe systematic methods for...
    Не существует систематического метода определения... - There is no systematic way of determining...
    Недостатком данного метода является то, что он требует... - The disadvantage of this procedure is that it requires...
    Недостаток этого метода можно видеть... - The flaw in this approach can be seen by...
    Несколько методов анализа были введены с помощью... - Several methods of analysis are introduced by means of...
    Ни один из этих методов не требует... - Neither of these methods requires...
    Ниже описываются два подобных метода. - Two such methods are described below.
    Обнаружилось, что данный метод (здесь) не приложим. - It turned out that the method was not applicable.
    Обнаружилось, что данный метод успешно используется в широкой области... - The method is found to be successful on a wide range of...
    Обычно считают, что Смит [1] положил начало этому методу. - Smith [1] is usually credited with originating this method.
    Обычным методом является измерение... - A common procedure is to measure...
    Один такой несколько искусственный метод занимается... - One such trick is concerned with...
    Одна элегантная версия данного метода использует... - An elegant version of this method employs...
    Однако данный метод требует предварительного знания... - However, this method presupposes a knowledge of...
    Однако лучше всего ввести этот метод, рассматривая... - However, the method is best introduced by considering...
    Однако метод может не сработать даже при отсутствии... - However, the procedure may fail even in the absence of...
    Однако мы воспользуемся здесь более общим методом, разработанным Воровичем [1]. - But we shall follow here a more general method due to Vorovich [1].
    Однако мы легко можем разработать метод для... - We can, however, easily devise a means for...
    Однако решения все еще могут быть получены при помощи чисто численных методов. - Solutions can still be obtained, however, by resorting to purely numerical methods.
    Однако существует стандартный метод работы с... - However, there is a standard method of dealing with...
    Однако этот метод не работает, будучи примененным к... - This approach, however, breaks down when applied to...
    Однако этот метод совершенно не удовлетворяет нашим целям. - This procedure, however, falls far short of our goal.
    Одним из преимуществ этого метода является то, что... - One advantage of this procedure is that...
    Одним общим недостатком данного метода является наличие... - One common drawback of this method is the presence of...
    Оказывается, данный метод первоначально появился в работах Смита [1]. - The method appears to have originated in the works of Smith [1].
    Описанная выше процедура представляет один строгий метод... - The procedure described above represents a rigorous method of...
    Описанный выше метод может быть использован для построения... - The procedure described above can be used to construct...
    Описанный здесь метод всегда приводит... - The procedure described here always yields...
    Основной слабостью метода является... - The main weakness of the method is...
    Отличительным преимуществом данного метода является то, что... - A distinct advantage of the procedure is that...
    Отличный от вышеупомянутого метод был предложен Джонсом [1]. - A different method has been given by Jones [1].
    Перед этим не имелось общепризнанного метода... - Prior to this, there was no generally accepted method of...
    Подобные методы могут использоваться в более сложных ситуациях. - Similar methods may be employed in more complicated cases.
    Подобный метод был рассмотрен Смитом [1], который... - Such a procedure has been considered by Smith [1], who...
    Подобный метод может быть принят, когда... - A similar method may be adopted when...
    Подобный метод применяется к/в... - A similar method applies to...
    Пользуясь такими методами, мы можем избежать... - By such expediencies we can avoid...
    Потенциальное преимущество данного метода состоит в том, что... - A potential advantage of this procedure lies in the fact that...
    Поэтому мы применяем слегка модифицированный метод. - We therefore adopt a slightly different method.
    Предпочтительным, однако, является метод... - The preferred method, however, is to...
    Преимущество этого метода заключается в том, что... - The advantage of this method lies in the fact that...
    Преимущество этого метода, следовательно, состоит в том, что он обеспечивает простой... - The advantage < this procedure, therefore, is that it provides a simple...
    Применение данного метода ограничено... - The application of this method is confined to...
    Применение данного метода показывает... - An application of this process shows...
    Применение данного специального метода оправдано (чем-л). - The adoption of this particular method is justified by...
    Проиллюстрируем общий метод, рассматривая... - We illustrate the general method by considering...
    Рассматриваемые до сих пор методы касаются... - The methods considered so far have been concerned with...
    Результаты всех этих методов согласуются с... - The results of all these methods are consistent with...
    Решающим недостатком этого метода является то, что... - The crucial disadvantage of this procedure is that...
    С другой стороны, этот метод даст... - On the other hand, this method will give...
    Открытие Смита сделало возможным новый метод... - Smith's discovery made possible a new method of...
    Самым простым из таких методов является (метод)... - The simplest such method is...
    Следовательно, необходимо развить общий метод для... - It is, therefore, necessary to devise a general method for...
    Следует подчеркнуть, что этот метод должен использоваться только если... - It is to be emphasized that this method should be used only; if...
    Следует уделить внимание методам... - Attention should be given to methods of...
    Следующее рассуждение иллюстрирует метод... - The following treatment illustrates the method of...
    Следующим недостатком этого метода является то, что... - A further disadvantage of this procedure is that...
    Смит [lj обнаружил метод для... - Smith [1] discovered a method for...
    Смит [1] предложил метод вычисления... - Smith [l] has proposed a method of calculating...
    Смит [1] применил этот метод к... - Smith [1] has applied this method to.,.
    Стандартным методом является следующий. - The standard procedure is as follows.
    Таким образом, мы имеем метод, который позволяет... - Thus we have a method which yields...
    Тем не менее, развитые нами методы обеспечивают основу для... - However, the methods we have developed provide a basis for...
    Теперь мы (полностью) готовы использовать методы, разработанные во втором параграфе. - We are now ready to use the methods of Section 2.
    Теперь мы обсудим систематические методы, которые f можно использовать в/ при... - We now discuss systematic methods which can be applied to...
    Теперь мы применим метод Римана, чтобы... - We now apply Riemann's method in order to...
    Только что описанный метод известен как... - The procedure we have described is known as...
    Тот же метод можно применять в/к... - The same method may be applied to...
    Удобным методом достижения необходимой цели является... - A convenient way to accomplish this is to...
    Усовершенствованные экспериментальные методы сделали возможным... - Refined experimental methods have made it possible to...
    Фундаментальным преимуществом этого метода является то, что... - A fundamental advantage of this procedure is that...
    Хотя этот метод и несколько необычен, он справедлив (= работает) как и любой из известных методов. - Although this method is somewhat unorthodox, it is as valid as any of the more familiar methods.
    Центральной идеей, на которой основывался подход Смита [1], была... - The essential idea behind Smith's approach was that...
    Чтобы воспользоваться преимуществами данного метода, необходимо... - In order to take advantage of this procedure, one must...
    Чтобы проиллюстрировать применение метода, мы... - То illustrate the process we...
    Эдисон изобрел новый метод для... - Edison invented a new method for...
    Эдисон обдумывал новый метод для... - Edison devised a new method for...
    Эти методы вводятся в следующем параграфе. - These methods are introduced in the next section.
    Эти методы весьма громоздки. - These processes are tedious.
    Эти методы настолько чувствительны, что... - These methods are so sensitive that...
    Эти методы нельзя применять в случае, когда... - These methods are not applicable in the case of...
    Эти методы очень чувствительны к малым изменениям в... - These methods are very sensitive to small changes in...
    Эти методы получают своих сторонников, так как... - These methods attract proponents because...
    Этим методом (= На этом пути) мы можем получить (вывести и т. п.)... - In this way we can arrive at...
    Это будет объяснено примерами, когда мы будем изучать метод... - This point will be clarified by examples when we study the method of...
    Это известный метод, принятый во многих работах... - This is a familiar procedure, undertaken in many studies of...
    Это иллюстрирует важный метод... - This illustrates an important method of...
    Это можно увидеть двумя методами. - This can be seen in two ways.
    Это несущественный недостаток метода, поскольку... - This is not a serious defect of the method because...
    Это приводит к полезным методам обращения с... - This leads to useful ways of dealing with...
    Это простой метод, который можно проиллюстрировать, рассматривая... - This is a simple procedure which can be illustrated by considering...
    Этот метод аналогичен использованному в... - The procedure is similar to that used in...
    Этот метод был описан Смитом [1]. - The method has been described by Smith [1].
    Этот метод был последовательно доведен до полной эффективности Смитом [3]. - This method was subsequently brought to full fruition by Smith [3].
    Этот метод вполне очевиден. - This procedure is quite straightforward.
    Этот метод доказательства довольно общий и применим к... - The method of proof is quite general and applies to...
    Этот метод известен как... - The procedure is known as...
    Этот метод имеет следующие недостатки. - The procedure has the following disadvantages.
    Этот метод интересен по следующей причине. - This method is of interest for the following reason.
    Этот метод легко адаптируется к/ для... - This procedure is readily adaptable to...
    Этот метод легко понять, замечая, что... - The process is easily understood by noting that...
    Этот метод лучше всего иллюстрируется примером. - The procedure is best illustrated by an example.
    Этот метод наиболее успешен в случае, когда он применяется в... - The method is most successful when applied to...
    Этот метод очевидным образом может быть распространен на (случай)... - This process can clearly be extended to...
    Этот метод принимается, поскольку... - This approach is adopted because...
    Этот метод являлся стандартным в течение многих лет. Несмотря на более новые разработки он будет использоваться и далее. - This approach has been standard for many years, and will continue to be of great use regardless of newer developments.
    Этот технически простой метод действительно требует... - This technically simple method does require...

    Русско-английский словарь научного общения > метод

  • 16 Language

       Philosophy is written in that great book, the universe, which is always open, right before our eyes. But one cannot understand this book without first learning to understand the language and to know the characters in which it is written. It is written in the language of mathematics, and the characters are triangles, circles, and other figures. Without these, one cannot understand a single word of it, and just wanders in a dark labyrinth. (Galileo, 1990, p. 232)
       It never happens that it [a nonhuman animal] arranges its speech in various ways in order to reply appropriately to everything that may be said in its presence, as even the lowest type of man can do. (Descartes, 1970a, p. 116)
       It is a very remarkable fact that there are none so depraved and stupid, without even excepting idiots, that they cannot arrange different words together, forming of them a statement by which they make known their thoughts; while, on the other hand, there is no other animal, however perfect and fortunately circumstanced it may be, which can do the same. (Descartes, 1967, p. 116)
       Human beings do not live in the object world alone, nor alone in the world of social activity as ordinarily understood, but are very much at the mercy of the particular language which has become the medium of expression for their society. It is quite an illusion to imagine that one adjusts to reality essentially without the use of language and that language is merely an incidental means of solving specific problems of communication or reflection. The fact of the matter is that the "real world" is to a large extent unconsciously built on the language habits of the group.... We see and hear and otherwise experience very largely as we do because the language habits of our community predispose certain choices of interpretation. (Sapir, 1921, p. 75)
       It powerfully conditions all our thinking about social problems and processes.... No two languages are ever sufficiently similar to be considered as representing the same social reality. The worlds in which different societies live are distinct worlds, not merely the same worlds with different labels attached. (Sapir, 1985, p. 162)
       [A list of language games, not meant to be exhaustive:]
       Giving orders, and obeying them- Describing the appearance of an object, or giving its measurements- Constructing an object from a description (a drawing)Reporting an eventSpeculating about an eventForming and testing a hypothesisPresenting the results of an experiment in tables and diagramsMaking up a story; and reading itPlay actingSinging catchesGuessing riddlesMaking a joke; and telling it
       Solving a problem in practical arithmeticTranslating from one language into another
       LANGUAGE Asking, thanking, cursing, greeting, and praying-. (Wittgenstein, 1953, Pt. I, No. 23, pp. 11 e-12 e)
       We dissect nature along lines laid down by our native languages.... The world is presented in a kaleidoscopic flux of impressions which has to be organized by our minds-and this means largely by the linguistic systems in our minds.... No individual is free to describe nature with absolute impartiality but is constrained to certain modes of interpretation even while he thinks himself most free. (Whorf, 1956, pp. 153, 213-214)
       We dissect nature along the lines laid down by our native languages.
       The categories and types that we isolate from the world of phenomena we do not find there because they stare every observer in the face; on the contrary, the world is presented in a kaleidoscopic flux of impressions which has to be organized by our minds-and this means largely by the linguistic systems in our minds.... We are thus introduced to a new principle of relativity, which holds that all observers are not led by the same physical evidence to the same picture of the universe, unless their linguistic backgrounds are similar or can in some way be calibrated. (Whorf, 1956, pp. 213-214)
       9) The Forms of a Person's Thoughts Are Controlled by Unperceived Patterns of His Own Language
       The forms of a person's thoughts are controlled by inexorable laws of pattern of which he is unconscious. These patterns are the unperceived intricate systematizations of his own language-shown readily enough by a candid comparison and contrast with other languages, especially those of a different linguistic family. (Whorf, 1956, p. 252)
       It has come to be commonly held that many utterances which look like statements are either not intended at all, or only intended in part, to record or impart straightforward information about the facts.... Many traditional philosophical perplexities have arisen through a mistake-the mistake of taking as straightforward statements of fact utterances which are either (in interesting non-grammatical ways) nonsensical or else intended as something quite different. (Austin, 1962, pp. 2-3)
       In general, one might define a complex of semantic components connected by logical constants as a concept. The dictionary of a language is then a system of concepts in which a phonological form and certain syntactic and morphological characteristics are assigned to each concept. This system of concepts is structured by several types of relations. It is supplemented, furthermore, by redundancy or implicational rules..., representing general properties of the whole system of concepts.... At least a relevant part of these general rules is not bound to particular languages, but represents presumably universal structures of natural languages. They are not learned, but are rather a part of the human ability to acquire an arbitrary natural language. (Bierwisch, 1970, pp. 171-172)
       In studying the evolution of mind, we cannot guess to what extent there are physically possible alternatives to, say, transformational generative grammar, for an organism meeting certain other physical conditions characteristic of humans. Conceivably, there are none-or very few-in which case talk about evolution of the language capacity is beside the point. (Chomsky, 1972, p. 98)
       [It is] truth value rather than syntactic well-formedness that chiefly governs explicit verbal reinforcement by parents-which renders mildly paradoxical the fact that the usual product of such a training schedule is an adult whose speech is highly grammatical but not notably truthful. (R. O. Brown, 1973, p. 330)
       he conceptual base is responsible for formally representing the concepts underlying an utterance.... A given word in a language may or may not have one or more concepts underlying it.... On the sentential level, the utterances of a given language are encoded within a syntactic structure of that language. The basic construction of the sentential level is the sentence.
       The next highest level... is the conceptual level. We call the basic construction of this level the conceptualization. A conceptualization consists of concepts and certain relations among those concepts. We can consider that both levels exist at the same point in time and that for any unit on one level, some corresponding realizate exists on the other level. This realizate may be null or extremely complex.... Conceptualizations may relate to other conceptualizations by nesting or other specified relationships. (Schank, 1973, pp. 191-192)
       The mathematics of multi-dimensional interactive spaces and lattices, the projection of "computer behavior" on to possible models of cerebral functions, the theoretical and mechanical investigation of artificial intelligence, are producing a stream of sophisticated, often suggestive ideas.
       But it is, I believe, fair to say that nothing put forward until now in either theoretic design or mechanical mimicry comes even remotely in reach of the most rudimentary linguistic realities. (Steiner, 1975, p. 284)
       The step from the simple tool to the master tool, a tool to make tools (what we would now call a machine tool), seems to me indeed to parallel the final step to human language, which I call reconstitution. It expresses in a practical and social context the same understanding of hierarchy, and shows the same analysis by function as a basis for synthesis. (Bronowski, 1977, pp. 127-128)
        t is the language donn eґ in which we conduct our lives.... We have no other. And the danger is that formal linguistic models, in their loosely argued analogy with the axiomatic structure of the mathematical sciences, may block perception.... It is quite conceivable that, in language, continuous induction from simple, elemental units to more complex, realistic forms is not justified. The extent and formal "undecidability" of context-and every linguistic particle above the level of the phoneme is context-bound-may make it impossible, except in the most abstract, meta-linguistic sense, to pass from "pro-verbs," "kernals," or "deep deep structures" to actual speech. (Steiner, 1975, pp. 111-113)
       A higher-level formal language is an abstract machine. (Weizenbaum, 1976, p. 113)
       Jakobson sees metaphor and metonymy as the characteristic modes of binarily opposed polarities which between them underpin the two-fold process of selection and combination by which linguistic signs are formed.... Thus messages are constructed, as Saussure said, by a combination of a "horizontal" movement, which combines words together, and a "vertical" movement, which selects the particular words from the available inventory or "inner storehouse" of the language. The combinative (or syntagmatic) process manifests itself in contiguity (one word being placed next to another) and its mode is metonymic. The selective (or associative) process manifests itself in similarity (one word or concept being "like" another) and its mode is metaphoric. The "opposition" of metaphor and metonymy therefore may be said to represent in effect the essence of the total opposition between the synchronic mode of language (its immediate, coexistent, "vertical" relationships) and its diachronic mode (its sequential, successive, lineal progressive relationships). (Hawkes, 1977, pp. 77-78)
       It is striking that the layered structure that man has given to language constantly reappears in his analyses of nature. (Bronowski, 1977, p. 121)
       First, [an ideal intertheoretic reduction] provides us with a set of rules"correspondence rules" or "bridge laws," as the standard vernacular has it-which effect a mapping of the terms of the old theory (T o) onto a subset of the expressions of the new or reducing theory (T n). These rules guide the application of those selected expressions of T n in the following way: we are free to make singular applications of their correspondencerule doppelgangers in T o....
       Second, and equally important, a successful reduction ideally has the outcome that, under the term mapping effected by the correspondence rules, the central principles of T o (those of semantic and systematic importance) are mapped onto general sentences of T n that are theorems of Tn. (P. Churchland, 1979, p. 81)
       If non-linguistic factors must be included in grammar: beliefs, attitudes, etc. [this would] amount to a rejection of the initial idealization of language as an object of study. A priori such a move cannot be ruled out, but it must be empirically motivated. If it proves to be correct, I would conclude that language is a chaos that is not worth studying.... Note that the question is not whether beliefs or attitudes, and so on, play a role in linguistic behavior and linguistic judgments... [but rather] whether distinct cognitive structures can be identified, which interact in the real use of language and linguistic judgments, the grammatical system being one of these. (Chomsky, 1979, pp. 140, 152-153)
        23) Language Is Inevitably Influenced by Specific Contexts of Human Interaction
       Language cannot be studied in isolation from the investigation of "rationality." It cannot afford to neglect our everyday assumptions concerning the total behavior of a reasonable person.... An integrational linguistics must recognize that human beings inhabit a communicational space which is not neatly compartmentalized into language and nonlanguage.... It renounces in advance the possibility of setting up systems of forms and meanings which will "account for" a central core of linguistic behavior irrespective of the situation and communicational purposes involved. (Harris, 1981, p. 165)
       By innate [linguistic knowledge], Chomsky simply means "genetically programmed." He does not literally think that children are born with language in their heads ready to be spoken. He merely claims that a "blueprint is there, which is brought into use when the child reaches a certain point in her general development. With the help of this blueprint, she analyzes the language she hears around her more readily than she would if she were totally unprepared for the strange gabbling sounds which emerge from human mouths. (Aitchison, 1987, p. 31)
       Looking at ourselves from the computer viewpoint, we cannot avoid seeing that natural language is our most important "programming language." This means that a vast portion of our knowledge and activity is, for us, best communicated and understood in our natural language.... One could say that natural language was our first great original artifact and, since, as we increasingly realize, languages are machines, so natural language, with our brains to run it, was our primal invention of the universal computer. One could say this except for the sneaking suspicion that language isn't something we invented but something we became, not something we constructed but something in which we created, and recreated, ourselves. (Leiber, 1991, p. 8)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Language

  • 17 Creativity

       Put in this bald way, these aims sound utopian. How utopian they areor rather, how imminent their realization-depends on how broadly or narrowly we interpret the term "creative." If we are willing to regard all human complex problem solving as creative, then-as we will point out-successful programs for problem solving mechanisms that simulate human problem solvers already exist, and a number of their general characteristics are known. If we reserve the term "creative" for activities like discovery of the special theory of relativity or the composition of Beethoven's Seventh Symphony, then no example of a creative mechanism exists at the present time. (Simon, 1979, pp. 144-145)
       Among the questions that can now be given preliminary answers in computational terms are the following: how can ideas from very different sources be spontaneously thought of together? how can two ideas be merged to produce a new structure, which shows the influence of both ancestor ideas without being a mere "cut-and-paste" combination? how can the mind be "primed," so that one will more easily notice serendipitous ideas? why may someone notice-and remember-something fairly uninteresting, if it occurs in an interesting context? how can a brief phrase conjure up an entire melody from memory? and how can we accept two ideas as similar ("love" and "prove" as rhyming, for instance) in respect of a feature not identical in both? The features of connectionist AI models that suggest answers to these questions are their powers of pattern completion, graceful degradation, sensitization, multiple constraint satisfaction, and "best-fit" equilibration.... Here, the important point is that the unconscious, "insightful," associative aspects of creativity can be explained-in outline, at least-by AI methods. (Boden, 1996, p. 273)
       There thus appears to be an underlying similarity in the process involved in creative innovation and social independence, with common traits and postures required for expression of both behaviors. The difference is one of product-literary, musical, artistic, theoretical products on the one hand, opinions on the other-rather than one of process. In both instances the individual must believe that his perceptions are meaningful and valid and be willing to rely upon his own interpretations. He must trust himself sufficiently that even when persons express opinions counter to his own he can proceed on the basis of his own perceptions and convictions. (Coopersmith, 1967, p. 58)
       he average level of ego strength and emotional stability is noticeably higher among creative geniuses than among the general population, though it is possibly lower than among men of comparable intelligence and education who go into administrative and similar positions. High anxiety and excitability appear common (e.g. Priestley, Darwin, Kepler) but full-blown neurosis is quite rare. (Cattell & Butcher, 1970, p. 315)
       he insight that is supposed to be required for such work as discovery turns out to be synonymous with the familiar process of recognition; and other terms commonly used in the discussion of creative work-such terms as "judgment," "creativity," or even "genius"-appear to be wholly dispensable or to be definable, as insight is, in terms of mundane and well-understood concepts. (Simon, 1989, p. 376)
       From the sketch material still in existence, from the condition of the fragments, and from the autographs themselves we can draw definite conclusions about Mozart's creative process. To invent musical ideas he did not need any stimulation; they came to his mind "ready-made" and in polished form. In contrast to Beethoven, who made numerous attempts at shaping his musical ideas until he found the definitive formulation of a theme, Mozart's first inspiration has the stamp of finality. Any Mozart theme has completeness and unity; as a phenomenon it is a Gestalt. (Herzmann, 1964, p. 28)
       Great artists enlarge the limits of one's perception. Looking at the world through the eyes of Rembrandt or Tolstoy makes one able to perceive aspects of truth about the world which one could not have achieved without their aid. Freud believed that science was adaptive because it facilitated mastery of the external world; but was it not the case that many scientific theories, like works of art, also originated in phantasy? Certainly, reading accounts of scientific discovery by men of the calibre of Einstein compelled me to conclude that phantasy was not merely escapist, but a way of reaching new insights concerning the nature of reality. Scientific hypotheses require proof; works of art do not. Both are concerned with creating order, with making sense out of the world and our experience of it. (Storr, 1993, p. xii)
       The importance of self-esteem for creative expression appears to be almost beyond disproof. Without a high regard for himself the individual who is working in the frontiers of his field cannot trust himself to discriminate between the trivial and the significant. Without trust in his own powers the person seeking improved solutions or alternative theories has no basis for distinguishing the significant and profound innovation from the one that is merely different.... An essential component of the creative process, whether it be analysis, synthesis, or the development of a new perspective or more comprehensive theory, is the conviction that one's judgment in interpreting the events is to be trusted. (Coopersmith, 1967, p. 59)
       In the daily stream of thought these four different stages [preparation; incubation; illumination or inspiration; and verification] constantly overlap each other as we explore different problems. An economist reading a Blue Book, a physiologist watching an experiment, or a business man going through his morning's letters, may at the same time be "incubating" on a problem which he proposed to himself a few days ago, be accumulating knowledge in "preparation" for a second problem, and be "verifying" his conclusions to a third problem. Even in exploring the same problem, the mind may be unconsciously incubating on one aspect of it, while it is consciously employed in preparing for or verifying another aspect. (Wallas, 1926, p. 81)
       he basic, bisociative pattern of the creative synthesis [is] the sudden interlocking of two previously unrelated skills, or matrices of thought. (Koestler, 1964, p. 121)
        11) The Earliest Stages in the Creative Process Involve a Commerce with Disorder
       Even to the creator himself, the earliest effort may seem to involve a commerce with disorder. For the creative order, which is an extension of life, is not an elaboration of the established, but a movement beyond the established, or at least a reorganization of it and often of elements not included in it. The first need is therefore to transcend the old order. Before any new order can be defined, the absolute power of the established, the hold upon us of what we know and are, must be broken. New life comes always from outside our world, as we commonly conceive that world. This is the reason why, in order to invent, one must yield to the indeterminate within him, or, more precisely, to certain illdefined impulses which seem to be of the very texture of the ungoverned fullness which John Livingston Lowes calls "the surging chaos of the unexpressed." (Ghiselin, 1985, p. 4)
       New life comes always from outside our world, as we commonly conceive our world. This is the reason why, in order to invent, one must yield to the indeterminate within him, or, more precisely, to certain illdefined impulses which seem to be of the very texture of the ungoverned fullness which John Livingston Lowes calls "the surging chaos of the unexpressed." Chaos and disorder are perhaps the wrong terms for that indeterminate fullness and activity of the inner life. For it is organic, dynamic, full of tension and tendency. What is absent from it, except in the decisive act of creation, is determination, fixity, and commitment to one resolution or another of the whole complex of its tensions. (Ghiselin, 1952, p. 13)
       [P]sychoanalysts have principally been concerned with the content of creative products, and with explaining content in terms of the artist's infantile past. They have paid less attention to examining why the artist chooses his particular activity to express, abreact or sublimate his emotions. In short, they have not made much distinction between art and neurosis; and, since the former is one of the blessings of mankind, whereas the latter is one of the curses, it seems a pity that they should not be better differentiated....
       Psychoanalysis, being fundamentally concerned with drive and motive, might have been expected to throw more light upon what impels the creative person that in fact it has. (Storr, 1993, pp. xvii, 3)
       A number of theoretical approaches were considered. Associative theory, as developed by Mednick (1962), gained some empirical support from the apparent validity of the Remote Associates Test, which was constructed on the basis of the theory.... Koestler's (1964) bisociative theory allows more complexity to mental organization than Mednick's associative theory, and postulates "associative contexts" or "frames of reference." He proposed that normal, non-creative, thought proceeds within particular contexts or frames and that the creative act involves linking together previously unconnected frames.... Simonton (1988) has developed associative notions further and explored the mathematical consequences of chance permutation of ideas....
       Like Koestler, Gruber (1980; Gruber and Davis, 1988) has based his analysis on case studies. He has focused especially on Darwin's development of the theory of evolution. Using piagetian notions, such as assimilation and accommodation, Gruber shows how Darwin's system of ideas changed very slowly over a period of many years. "Moments of insight," in Gruber's analysis, were the culminations of slow long-term processes.... Finally, the information-processing approach, as represented by Simon (1966) and Langley et al. (1987), was considered.... [Simon] points out the importance of good problem representations, both to ensure search is in an appropriate problem space and to aid in developing heuristic evaluations of possible research directions.... The work of Langley et al. (1987) demonstrates how such search processes, realized in computer programs, can indeed discover many basic laws of science from tables of raw data.... Boden (1990a, 1994) has stressed the importance of restructuring the problem space in creative work to develop new genres and paradigms in the arts and sciences. (Gilhooly, 1996, pp. 243-244; emphasis in original)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Creativity

  • 18 τεκμαίρομαι

    τεκμαίρομαι, [tense] fut.
    A

    τεκμᾰροῦμαι X.Cyr.4.3.21

    : [tense] aor.

    ἐτεκμηράμην Antipho 5.81

    , etc., [dialect] Ep.

    τεκμ- Od.10.563

    : ([etym.] τέκμαρ):—assign, ordain, esp. of the gods,

    ἐπεὶ τάδε γ' ὧδε θεοὶ κακὰ τεκμήραντο Il.6.349

    ;

    Κρονίδης.. κακὰ.. τεκμαίρεται ἀμφοτέροισιν 7.70

    ; πόλεμον, δίκην τισὶ τ... [Ζεύς], Hes.Op. 229, 239: generally, of any person in authority, appoint, πομπὴν δ' ἐς τόδ' ἐγὼ τεκμαίρομαι, ὄφρ' ἐῢ εἰδῇς, αὔριον ἔς I am arranging your departure for to-morrow, Od.7.317;

    ἄλλην δ' ἧμιν ὁδὸν τεκμήρατο Κίρκη 10.563

    ; ἐν οἷς ἂν (sc. τόποις)

    νομοφύλακες.. τεκμηράμενοι ἕδρας πρεπούσας, ὅρους θῶνται τῶν ὠνίων Pl.Lg. 849e

    ; with a notion of foretelling,

    τότε τοι τεκμαίρομ' ὄλεθρον Od.11.112

    : c. inf., settle with oneself, i.e. design, purpose to do, h.Ap. 285, A.R.4.559.
    2 the ground on which the judgment or conjecture is founded is commonly added in the dat., ἐμπύροις τεκμαίρεσθαι to judge by the burnt-offering, Pi.O.8.3;

    τεκμαίρομαι ἔργοισιν Ἡρακλέος Id.Fr.169.4

    ;

    τ. τοῖσι νῦν ἔτι ἐοῦσι Πελασγῶν Hdt.1.57

    ; τοῖσι ἐμφανέσι τὰ μὴ γινωσκόμενα τ. judge of the unknown by the known, Id.2.33, cf. 7.16.γ; ἔργῳ κοὐ λόγῳ τ. A.Pr. 338;

    τὰ καινὰ τοῖς πάλαι S. OT 916

    ;

    τοῖς παροῦσι τἀφανῆ E.Fr. 574

    ; τοὺς.. περιεσομένους τοῖς ξύμπασι σημείοισι by all the symptoms, Hp.Prog.24, cf. Acut.68;

    τὰ μέλλοντα τοῖς γεγενημένοις Isoc.4.141

    ; κατὰ [τὴν αἴσθησιν].. τὸ ἄδηλον τῷ λογισμῷ τ. Epicur.Ep.1p.6U.;

    περὶ τῶν μελλόντων τοῖς ἤδη γεγενημένοις Isoc.6.59

    ; also

    τ. τὰ μελλοντ' ἐκ τῶν γεγενημένων Din.1.33

    , cf. X.Mem.4.1.2, Pl.Smp. 204c, Gal.6.470; ἀφ' αὑτοῦ τὴν νόσον τ. Ar.V.76, cf. Th.4.123, X.Mem.3.5.6, Pl.Phd. 108a, R. 409a, 501b;

    τ. ἀπὸ τούτων εἰς τὰ ἄλλα Id.Tht. 206b

    ;

    εἴ τι δεῖ τ. πρὸς τὸν ἄλλον αὐτοῦ τρόπον D.27.22

    ; πόθεν τοῦτο τεκμαίρῃ; Pl.Cri. 44a, cf. Phdr. 235c, R. 433b: rarely c. gen., τ. κατηγορίας οὐ προγεγενημένης from the fact that.., Th.3.53; τ. τῷ πυρὶ τῆς ὁδοῦ judge of the road by the fire, App.BC5.87, cf. 45, Mith.5, Arat.1129, 1154; τ. τοῦ δένδρου πρὸς τὴν ναῦν estimate the tree with reference to.., Philostr.Im.2.17, cf. VA1.22.
    3 c. acc. et inf.,

    τ. τοῦτο οὕτως ἕξειν ἐκ τοῦδε X.Cyr.8.1.28

    , cf. Pl.R. 578c, Gal.6.588, PRyl.74.5 (ii A.D.); also folld. by a relat. Particle, τεκμαιρόμενος ὅτι.. taking as an indication the fact that.., Th.1.1, cf. X.Lac.8.2; ὡς μέγα.. τὴν Αἴτνην ὄρος εἶναί φασι, τεκμαίρου guess how great.., Pl.Com.37; τ. εἰ.. to be uncertain whether.., AP12.177 (Strat.).
    III put forth, stretch out, ὁλκόν, οὖρον ([etym.] ὅρον), D.P.101, 135, 178: abs., project, of teeth, Nic. Th. 231.
    B [voice] Act. τεκμαίρω only in post-Hom. Poets, show by a sign or token, make proof of, τεκμαίρει χρῆμ' ἕκαστον circumstance proves the man, Pi.O.6.73; τεκμαίρει.. ἰδεῖν gives signs [for men] to see, Id.N.6.8;

    ἀλλά μοι.. τέκμηρον, ὅ τι μ' ἐπαμμένει παθεῖν A.Pr. 605

    (lyr.); κελεύθους indicate them, Nic.Th. 680; τ. ἀοιδήν guide it.., Arat.18.

    Greek-English dictionary (Αγγλικά Ελληνικά-λεξικό) > τεκμαίρομαι

  • 19 cabestro

    (Sp. model spelled same [kabéstro] < Latin capistrum 'halter')
       1) DARE: 1805. Originally a halter or tether made of a hair rope. Watts notes that its original meaning was broadened to refer to any hair rope, or even to a reata, which is generally a rope made of rawhide. This last application is not widespread, however, and can be confusing, since cabestro is often used to distinguish a rope made of hair from one made of rawhide or leather. The DRAE defines cabestro as a halter that is tied to the head or neck of a horse to lead or secure it. Islas's definition differs from the DRAE's in that the horsehair cabestro need not be attached to a halter. According to Islas, it is the term most commonly used in Mexico to refer to a twisted horsehair rope used to restrain, lead, or train a horse. Its length is variable—it may be some sixteen feet long and serve as a halter, or about twenty feet long and function as a double-rein, or from twenty-six to thirty-three feet long and serve as a "false rein" (or halter and headstall used when breaking a horse). The thickness of the cabestro or cabresto also varies, depending on the function of the rope. Santamaría concurs with Islas, noting that cabresto is so common in Mexico that cabestro sounds strange to the ear. He cites Salvá as saying that cabresto is an antiquated form that appears in writing in the sixteenth century. (Linguistically, the fact that the /r/ appears to move from one syllable to the next and forms a consonant cluster with /b/ or /t/ is known as metathesis. Such variation is common in popularly transmitted forms and is evidenced in the history of both Spanish and English.) Cobos indicates that in New Mexico and southern Colorado cabresto can refer to a rope in general.
        Alternate forms: cabarista, cabaros, caberes, caberos, caboras, caboris, cabras, cabrass, cabressa, cabresse, cabresta, cabresto, cabris, cavraces.
       2) According to Smith, cabestro can also refer to "one who might be led around by the nose." Spanish sources do not reference this term as a noun that can be applied to a person. However, the DRAE references cabestrear and Santamaría references cabrestear as verbs meaning to lead an animal around with a cabestro or cabresto. Santamaría indicates that the verb form can be used figuratively to lead a person "by the nose" or to coerce him or her to do something against his or her will. According to the DRAE, llevar/ traer del cabestro a alguien has the same figurative meaning in Spain.

    Vocabulario Vaquero > cabestro

  • 20 ceterus

    cētĕrus ( caet-), a, um (the nom. sing. masc. not in use; the sing., in gen., rare; in Cic. perh. only three times), adj. [pronom. stem ki, and compar. ending; cf. heteros], the other, that which exists besides, can be added to what is already named of a like kind with it; the other part (while reliquus is that which yet remains of an object, the rest;

    e. g. stipendium pendere et cetera indigna pati,

    and endured other indignities of the kind, Liv. 21, 20, 6. On the other hand:

    jam vero reliqua—not cetera —quarta pars mundi ea et ipsa totā naturā fervida est, et ceteris naturis omnibus salutarem impertit et vitalem calorem,

    Cic. N. D. 2, 10, 27; cf. Hand, Turs. II. p. 33; Doed. Syn. 1, p. 83. Still these ideas, esp. after the Aug. per., are often confounded, and the Engl., the remainder, the rest, and the adverb. phrase for the rest, etc., can be used interchangeably for both words).
    1.
    Sing.
    a.
    Masc.:

    si vestem et ceterum ornatum muliebrem pretii majoris habeat,

    Cic. Inv. 1, 31, 51 (also in Quint. 5, 11, 28); Nep. Dat. 3, 1:

    laeta et imperatori ceteroque exercitui,

    Liv. 28, 4, 1:

    vestitu calciatuque et cetero habitu,

    Suet. Calig. 52: illos milites subduxit, exercitum ceterum servavit, Cato ap. Gell. 3, 7, 19:

    cohortes veteranas in fronte, post eas ceterum exercitum in subsidiis locat,

    Sall. C. 59, 5:

    a cetero exercitu,

    Curt. 5, 9, 11; Tac. Agr. 17; Suet. Galb. 20 fin.:

    de cetero numero candidatorum,

    id. Caes. 41.—
    b.
    Fem.:

    cetera jurisdictio,

    Cic. Att. 6, 2, 5:

    vita,

    Sall. C. 52, 31:

    aetas,

    Verg. G. 3, 62:

    nox,

    Ov. M. 12, 579:

    silva,

    id. ib. 8, 750:

    turba,

    id. ib. 3, 236; 12, 286; Hor. S. 2, 8, 26:

    classis,

    Liv. 35, 26, 9:

    deprecatio,

    id. 42, 48, 3; 21, 7, 7:

    inter ceteram planitiem mons,

    Sall. J. 92, 5:

    Graeciam,

    Nep. Paus. 2, 4:

    aciem,

    Liv. 6, 8, 6:

    multitudinem,

    id. 35, 30, 8:

    (super) turbam,

    Suet. Calig. 26:

    manum procerum,

    Tac. Or. 37:

    pro ceterā ejus audaciā atque amentiā,

    Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 2, § 6:

    pluviā (aquā) utebantur,

    Sall. J. 89, 6:

    ceterā (ex) copiā militum,

    Liv. 35, 30, 9; Plin. Ep. 2, 16, 1:

    ceterā (pro) reverentiā,

    id. ib. 3, 8, 1:

    ceterā (cum) turbā,

    Suet. Claud. 12 al. —
    c.
    Neutr.:

    cum a pecu cetero absunt,

    Plaut. Bacch. 5, 2, 20:

    non abhorret a cetero scelere,

    Liv. 1, 48, 5; Suet. Aug. 24:

    cetero (e) genere hominum,

    id. ib. 57:

    quanto violentior cetero mari Oceanus,

    Tac. A. 2, 24 al. — Subst.: cētĕ-rum, i, n., the rest:

    elocuta sum convivas, ceterum cura tu,

    Plaut. Men. 1, 4, 6:

    ceterum omne incensum est,

    Liv. 22, 20, 6; so,

    de cetero,

    as for the rest, Cic. Fin. 1, 7, 26; Curt. 4, 1, 14 al.;

    and in ceterum,

    for the rest, for the future, Sen. Ep. 78, 15.—
    2.
    Plur., the rest, the others (freq. in all periods and species of composition):

    de reliquis nihil melius ipso est: ceteri et cetera ejus modi, ut, etc.,

    Cic. Fam. 4, 4, 5:

    multae sunt insidiae bonis nosti cetera,

    id. Planc. 24, 59; id. Fat. 13, 29:

    cetera de genere hoc, adeo sunt multa, etc.,

    Hor. S. 1, 1, 13; Lucr. 5, 38:

    ut omittam cetera,

    Cic. Cat. 3, 8, 18:

    ibi Amineum... Lucanum serito, ceterae vites in quemvis agrum conveniunt,

    Cato, R. R. 6, 4:

    quam fortunatus ceteris sim rebus, absque una hac foret,

    Ter. Hec. 4, 2, 25: nam ceteri fere, qui artem orandi litteris tradiderunt, ita sunt exorsi, quasi, etc., Quint. prooem. § 4; id. 10, 1, 80:

    ceterae partes loquentem adjuvant, hae ipsae loquuntur,

    id. 11, 3, 85:

    sane ceterarum rerum pater familias et prudens et attentus, unā in re paulo minus consideratus,

    Cic. Quint. 3, 11:

    hanc inter ceteras vocem,

    Quint. 9, 4, 55: de justitiā, fortitudine, temperantiā ceterisque similibus, id. prooem. § 12; 3, 5, 5;

    2, 4, 38: ego ceteris laetus, hoc uno torqueor,

    Curt. 6, 5, 3.—
    b.
    Et cetera ceteraque or cetera, and so forth, kai ta hexês, when one refers to a well-known object with only a few words, or mentions only a few from a great number of objects, Cic. de Or. 2, 32, 141:

    ut illud Scipionis, Agas asellum et cetera,

    id. ib. 2, 64, 258; id. Top. 6, 30; 11, 48; id. Tusc. 2, 17, 39; id. Att. 2, 19, 3:

    et similiter cetera,

    Quint. 4, 1, 14:

    vina ceteraque,

    Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 36, § 91; Curt. 3, 4, 10:

    solem, lunam, mare, cetera,

    Lucr. 2, 1085:

    fundum, aedes, parietem, supellectilem, penus, cetera,

    Cic. Top. 5. 27.—
    II.
    Hence, the advv.,
    A.
    cē-tĕrum (orig. acc. respectiv.), lit. that which relates to the other, the rest (besides what has been mentioned).
    1.
    For the rest, in other respects, otherwise (in good prose):

    nihil, nisi ut ametis impero: Ceterum quantum lubet me poscitote aurum, ego dabo,

    Plaut. Bacch. 4, 4, 52: tu aurum rogato: ceterum ( for the rest, in respect to the rest) verbum sat est, id. ib. 4, 8, 37: precator, qui mihi sic oret: nunc amitte quaeso hunc;

    ceterum Posthac si quicquam, nil precor,

    Ter. Phorm. 1, 2, 91:

    ego me in Cumano et Pompeiano, praeterquam quod sine te, ceterum satis commode oblectabam,

    Cic. Q. Fr. 2, 12 (14), 1:

    foedera alia aliis legibus, ceterum eodem modo omnia fiunt,

    Liv. 1, 24, 3; cf. Sall. J. 2, 4; 75, 3; Nep. Eum. 8, 5; Curt. 4, 1, 18.—Rarely after the verb: argentum accepi;

    nil curavi ceterum,

    Plaut. Capt. 5, 3, 12: numquid me vis ceterum? id. Ep. 4, 2, 76.—
    2.
    = alioquin, introducing a conclusion contrary to fact (mostly post-class.), otherwise, else, in the opposite event, = Gr. allôs: non enim cogitaras;

    ceterum Idem hoc melius invenisses,

    Ter. Eun. 3, 1, 62:

    ita et anima... solam vim ejus exprimere non valuit,... ceterum non esset anima, sed spiritus,

    Tert. adv. Marc. 2, 9; App. M. 7, p. 200, 33; Dig. 4, 4, 7, § 2 al.—
    3.
    In passing to another thought, besides, for the rest; very freq. (esp. in the histt.; usu. placed at the beginning of a new clause;

    only in the comic poets in the middle): Filium tuom te meliust repetere, Ceterum uxorem abduce ex aedibus,

    Plaut. Truc. 4, 3, 73; Ter. Hec. 3, 3, 31; Sall. J. 4, 1; 20, 8; 29, 2; Quint. 6, 1, 8; 8, 6, 51; 9, 2, 14 al.; Suet. Caes. 4; 16; id. Tib. 42; id. Claud. 1; Curt. 3, 1, 4; 3, 3, 7; 3, 6, 13; Col. 8, 8, 5:

    dehinc ceterum valete,

    Plaut. Poen. prol. 125; cf. id. ib. 91. —
    4.
    With a restricting force, commonly contrasted with quidem or a neg. phrase; often to be translated by but, yet, notwithstanding, still, on the other hand (esp. freq. since the Aug. per.):

    cum haud cuiquam in dubio esset, bellum ab Tarquiniis imminere, id quidem spe omnium serius fuit: ceterum, id quod non timebant, per dolum ac proditionem prope libertas amissa est,

    Liv. 2, 3, 1; Plin. Pan. 5, 4; Flor. 3, 1, 11; Suet. Aug. 8; 66; id. Tib. 61 fin.; id. Gram. 4 al.:

    eos multum laboris suscipere, ceterum ex omnibus maxume tutos esse,

    Sall. J. 14, 12:

    avidus potentiae, honoris, divitiarum, ceterum vitia sua callide occultans,

    id. ib. 15, 3; 52, 1; 83, 1; id. C. 51, 26:

    eo rem se vetustate oblitteratam, ceterum suae memoriae infixam adferre,

    Liv. 3, 71, 6:

    id quamquam, nihil portendentibus diis, ceterum neglegentia humana acciderat, tamen, etc.,

    id. 28, 11, 7; 9, 21, 1; 21, 6, 1 Weissenb. ad loc.:

    ut quisquis factus est princeps, extemplo fama ejus, incertum bona an mala, ceterum aeterna est,

    Plin. Pan. 55, 9:

    pauca repetundarum crimina, ceterum magicas superstitiones objectabat,

    Tac. A. 12, 59; cf. Liv. 3, 40, 11.—
    B.
    cē-tĕra (properly acc. plur.), = talla, ta loipa, as for the rest, otherwise; with adjj., and (in poets) with verbs (not found in Cic. or Quint.).
    (α).
    With adj.:

    Bocchus praeter nomen cetera ignarus populi Romani,

    Sall. J. 19, 7:

    hastile cetera teres praeterquam ad extremum,

    Liv. 21, 8, 10:

    excepto quod non simul esses, cetera laetus,

    Hor. Ep. 1, 10, 50 (cf. the passage cited under ceterum, II. A. 1. fin., Cic. Q. Fr. 2, 12 (14), 1):

    cetera Graius,

    Verg. A. 3, 594 (so prob. also Hor. Ep. 1, 10, 3, where others read ad cetera):

    virum cetera egregium secuta,

    Liv. 1, 35, 6:

    vir cetera sanctissimus,

    Vell. 2, 46, 2 Ruhnk.; Plin. 8, 15, 16, § 40; 12, 6, 13, § 25; 22, 25, 64, § 133; Tac. G. 29.—
    (β).
    With verbs: cetera, quos peperisti, ne cures, Enn. ap. Serv. ad Verg. A. 9, 656:

    quiescas cetera,

    Plaut. Mil. 3, 3, 53:

    cetera parce, puer, bello,

    Verg. A. 9, 656; cf. Sil. 17, 286:

    cetera non latet hostis,

    id. 2, 332; Mart. 13, 84.—
    C.
    cētĕrō, peculiar to the Nat. Hist. of Pliny, for the rest, in other respects, otherwise:

    cetero viri quam feminae majus,

    Plin. 11, 37, 49, § 133; so id. 3, 11, 16, § 105; 6, 26, 30, § 122; 8, 3, 4, § 7;

    10, 1, 1, § 1 al.: est et alia iritis cetero similis, at praedura,

    id. 37, 9, 52, § 138.—

    Of time: palumbes incubat femina post meridiana in matutinum, cetero mas,

    id. 10, 58, 79, § 159.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > ceterus

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